Are we talking standard USB-A, the old style? If so, I would look for a DisplayLink adapter it’s the closest to a standard you’ll find, but it may still need drivers installed. If the laptop has a USB-C port (if the teacher computer is at all recent it should), then you can (probably) use a USB-C to VGA adapter, and it won’t need a driver installed. It will also work better than a DisplayLink adapter.
Windows setup can’t read the drive because of the encryption. To fix it you’ll need to boot to the Windows setup USB, choose the repair option then command prompt. Use the diskpart command to wipe the drive and then you’ll be able to use it to reinstall.
https://www.tenforums.com/tutorials/85819-erase-disk-using-diskpart-clean-command-windows-10-a.html