SD cards die, time to get a new one. You don’t want to lose data.

Run your number through have I been pwned, that will tell you if it’s been part of any data breathes but it’s hard to find out who is legally selling your number.

This is a question for your bank not Reddit

Yes you will receive updates. As of now, once it’s installed it works just like it would on a supported system. Microsoft could crack down on this if they wanted to but I doubt they will because especially in lower income markets where an update simply isn’t an option they would rather you keep using their products then jump ship, but that’s only my theory I don’t have anything to back that up.

The biggest problem going forward will be drivers. The way drivers work changed in windows 11 for now it can take advantage of windows 10 drivers but that may not be the case forever. Poor driver compatibility after a change is what caused a lot of the issues with windows vista and they would like to avoid a repeat of that.

As long as you’re reinstalled maybe give Linux a shot.

Those temps aren’t bad but more importantly why are you asking Reddit instead of calling shops to get quotes? Prices will vary from shop to shop and even more across regions

Yes it will work fine and there are plenty of guides online to help you do it. You’ll need to shrink your Linux partition to make space for a windows one, you can do this graphically in gparted. If you’re running in Uefi mode then windows will nuke your efi partition so you will need to boot from a live environment and reinstall grub after you’ve installed windows.

Short answer no.

They can see what IP addresses you’re accessing, that’s about it. They could if they wanted to potentially see your DNS requests (website addresses), if you’re concerned about that enable DNS over Https, most smart phones will do this by default anyway and you can enable it on your computer as well.

Go for the motherboard. Warranties on ‘refurbished’ devices are only useful if you run out of toilet paper. It’s an almost 8 year old device, there were multiple skus in reach generation, if the laptop you’re considering had one of the higher power ‘h’ or ‘hx’ Quad-Core skus it will probably actually not be that far off in terms of CPU performance from your current machine but it will use a lot of power and have inferior graphics (unless you’re 10th gen was also a high power one). If however is one of the low power dual core ‘u’ skus it won’t be useful for anything beyond basic web browsing and word processing.